Gustavus Adolphus; when, in later times, Tallard faced the Duke of Marlborough; and Wellington fought in succession the best of Napoleon's generals, the almost universal custom was to ""go into winter quarters' when the short days came. Exceptions there were, of course. Several battles fought during the winter are recorded in the history of the first war mentioned above; and, as might have been expected, they sometimes took the form of an entire surprise, and reaped a full reward. Such, for} example, was the Battle of Duttlingen, 1643, begun in a blinding snowstorm. Motley records many winter fights, some of, them over ground now occupied, while ie Rise of the Dutch Republic" was being enacted. But when generals faced each other almost within a stone's throw, and felt that several hours: would be needed to settle their differences, they preferred have the whole of a summer day for the operation. Besides this, war is a matter of supplies. Supplies depend on transport, and transport on roads. These, unused to be impas-Hence by tacit ies were suspended, and enemies paid social calls) on each other.
Modern war, however. little note of seasons. In 18% though the winter was particalarly severe. the French fought and Jost no fewer than eight battles between November 28, and ty 29, to say nothing of the concurrent losses round Paris. In 1878-9 the Russians succeeded during extremely severe weather in crossing the Balkans by roads thought by the Turks to be quite impassable. The recent Balkan war did not begin till about the middle of October, 1912. There is, therefore, no reason to expect an} thing like winter quarters" sny of the present war theatres.
fighting in Africa is mainly tropical, and in South
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.