This unwholesome doctrine of Personal service "has for so many centuries been ingrained in the mind of the soldiers as well as the general public that it will take a considerable time to eradicate, Many a general has placed his personal obligations to his leader above hi duty to his country and the people without fear of popular censure. To attain a better insight of the psycho-copy of the Chinese soldier it is necessary to study the historical background and the condition of the Chinese army under the Empire Imperial Chinese army was divided into two seetions—the Manchu and the Chinese armies. Between the two there was nothing in common, each organization and its own com: mander, even the scale of pay was different. There were fewer points of uniformity between them than the German Army has with the French or Belgian, The Eight Manchu Banners The Manchu troops were composed of Manchus, Mongols and Han Chi ist named were mally Chinese who had surrendered themselves to the Manchus during or before the conquest of China atthe inception of the Manchu rule. These were principally employed for garrison Durposes with the obvious object of holding the Chinese in check and as a safeguard against lo defection. There wer Kokonor. Other Banners were distributed in the Three Eastern Provinces, Chinese Turkestan, or served 5 garrisons in strategic cities in China proper; the total strength being approximately 200,000 strong, of which number no fewer than 107,750 men were in the' metropolitan areas to protect the capital and the Imperial Mancha Court. There were no Chinese troops, who had always been held in suspicion, about Peking and its immediate The Mancha troops or Eight Bannermen as they wore known, were distinguishable by the distinct colour of their banners and were allocated thus; the Yellow Banner men, and the Yellow-edged Bannermen,'to guard the northern areas of the capital; White dnd White-edeed Bannermen the eastern areas; Red was always a Manchu commander known as Tartar General, another office held exclusively by those of Manchu birth. We found them in Such cities as Nanking, Foochow, Hangchow, even in remote Chengtu, Weakness of Chinese Troops The La Ying (Green Legions) or the Chinese troops were in a worse condition. Owing to the corruption and weakness of the Ming rulers, the Chinese troops had fallen into decadence long before the Manchu invasion. As a matter of £1 who, being aliens, naturally would not like to see the native troops as strong as themselves 'These troops were allocated among the eighteen provinces.' Not only were they divided into 18 different units, the provincial army was further sub-divided under three different headings, namely the Tu-piao or the lastly the Ti-piao or provincial conimander's army, each being independent of the other two. Of the three only the last named ry man, the other two being officers,
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.