Republican new style oficial 1p plain then, age f, "Ae. svat Cine les' one rhodere Linea, he ied The district examinations under the Literary Chancellor were very strict. Of the hundreds, sometimes thousands, who tried for the. hsiutsal (B.A.) degree, only a dozen or possibly a 'Score could pass or be selected. At the provincial chuen (MIA.) examination, it was harder still with more contestants; the metropolitan "chine hhsih (Ph.D.), perhaps was the hardest of all, 'The final essay' before the Emperor was touched with the "vermilion pencil" and made the candidate a Hanlin' (LL.D) and practically certain of some. appointment, often beginning with a district magistracy. Some men of lower deten Chekiang. lstriews. Concur ihe methods "and exccitiveabiy ie) of Hashing. wee Helga Diana
to "be. appreciated" and the. igh sauthoeites with his sword, while the man with the pen. is necessary all the time. Hence from experience, the Chinese Jearned to separate military and civil services. As time it was demonstrated that, the spored more steadily under' peaceful rulers than under those who risked the chances of war, 'The Chinese are quick to see and eager to follow. that which profits them the most, Hence the premium on civil, the discount on military ad~ ministration, "If the old, paternal, benevolent despotism of' Chins be regarded os a pyramid, with the Emperor at the' apex, the successive grades of civil-oMclais reach a base {in the district magistrate~the ruler nearest to the people.
Terror of the People—an From observation of the late Manchu dynasty, a composite resultant of all the preceding ones, an outline may. be suggestive of the. system. In the capital near the Emperor were, the Cabinet, (2) the Council of State, (3) the Six Boards, (4) the Consérate, (5) the Han Lin Academy, all functioning with a multitude of subordinates.
Outside the Capital, omitting strietly military commanders, there were the so-called viceroys over one, two frees, and some with no degree but much influence, and yet other men with money alone secured appoint ment.
From the waiting list, once inducted into ofice he has the seal placed Im his hands and is the local man of power. He becomes a judge, Treasurer and. responsible for all civil affairs in his area. could all in the military when necessar He has an experienced secretary 'A New Republi lean Tax Offce
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.