Laboratory's Great Work During the past season approximately" 240,000 doses of lymph were issued' from the Municipal In the preparation of vaccine, it is Sound that if the lymph is. pass-directly from call to calf, it soon Laboratory and nearly 40,000 Ioses its potency and becomes inert. citations made in the strenuous effort {To maintain potency it must be which is being quietly made all the passed through animals of different time by the Public Health Depart-species, and one of the best ways is ment to prevent smallpox. the massage from calf to human be= from human being to rabbit In line with this announcement sand from rabbit to calf again. The and with another to the effect that first vaccination of a human being during: the past 28 years nearly with calf lymph is called "primary" 350,000 free vaccinations have been vaccination. From such a ease of made here, it is interesting to note "primary" vaccination, Iymph is, the extensive work which is carried collected, and used to vaccinate a on in the preparations of smallpox rabbit: On account of the rabbit's vaccine by the Health Department. very fine silky akin, this On May 27, Dr. J. H. Jordan, the operation which needs great de-Chief Pathologist of the Departlicaey and skill, otherwise the rabbit ment, delivered a lecture before the fails. to "take." In due course nghai Medical Society, on the lymph is collected from the rabbit, preparation of smallpox vaccine in and ix called. the "seed vaccine the Municipal Laboratory, which' is mixed with a minute quantity showed this complicated." process rejuvenated Iymph from another irom beginning to end, and de source, and is then ready for eowmonstrated the minute and elaborate ing on the calf. care necessary to render the vaccines safe for use on human beings All these procedures are done with full antiseptic and aseptic Early Cases of Inoculation cleanliness as for any surgical According to Dr. Jordan's brief operation. On the average one calf outline of the history of smallpox will supply about 50" grammes prevention, inoculation was bract (about two ounces) of lymph. This ed in China hundreds of years ago collected in a sterile glass Petri ud was introduced into England ish, and weighed. It is then mixed 1, by Lady Mary Montagu. with a certain quantity of special The inoculation was made from a tested neutral ylycerin and sterile person sick of smallpox to a healthy salt solution and finely ground in a Person, and the objection to the special machine called the Chalybats Practice was, that a severe and iturating machine, made of pure nickel, since other metals attnek fatal case of the disease might be caused from a mild one; also that and destroy the lymph. The lymph ain other communicable diseases now ready for ripening and zat be transmitted at the same stored in special bottles of alkali-time. In 1708, Edward Jenner, free glass, and kept in a refrigerat= observed that persons connected ing chamber at or below freezing with cattle, at times contracted Foint, until the glycerin and anti from the cattle, an infection of the septics, if any, have killed off any contaminating organisms from the hands which resembled the eruption calf's skin, Gf smallpox, and that these persons were never' attacked by smallpox.
Tests for Purity and Potency e, found that he could protect people from smallpox by inoculate The texts for purity of vaccine ing them from a cow suffering from consist of culture tests both for cowpox. Luter it was found that orgganiems thut grow in the presence this substance from the cow which fof air or oxygen (aerobes) and was called vaccine lymph, could be those which cannot grow in the preserved if mixed with' glycerin, Tresence of air or oxygen (one and this is the basis of the modern aerobes), method of preparation, purification and preservation. The glycerin Tests for potency are made with destroys contaminating germs, but the kame painstaking precision, preserves the vaccine virus. Other lymph which produces an Yeagents, as ether, oil of cloves, and To_make sure that the lymph is Phenlo will produced the same xesufficiently active, it is diluted 300 sult, to 600 times, that is to say 30 to 60 times more than the actual dila-It has been shown by Dr. Blaxall, ion used for vaccinating, and then, the Director of the British Govern: tested ona ment Lymph Laboratories, that oil von when diluted clove-glycerinated Iymph, pro-300 times is uni erally looked upon, perly stored at a temperature bea satisfactory lymph, so that the low freezing point, will keep its 4 test in the Municipal Potency for two years, ory with Iymph diluted 600, Dr. Stanley a Pioneer times, is a very stringent one. The Dr. Arthur Stanley in 1898, first lymph is then suitably diluted for started the vaccine establishment in issue, and drawn by means of a Shanghai, and this was one of the vacuum pump apparatus into capi. first, if not the first, in China, lary tubes, which are then carefully sealed, Each tube holds enough to Since that time three and a half vaccinate five pereans. The tubes million doses of vsecine have been are then labelled with the number issued from the Municipal Labora of the source, the date of issue, and tory, and sent as far south as the fare stored in the refrigerater, Philippine Islands ex as far north ready for issue. If properly preas Mukden. torved at a temperature near freeze Allowing for wastage, it may be ing point, the lymph retains a high said that by this mens, at least potency for several months, and is three million people have been guaranteed to be effective for one directly, and many more million indirectly, protected from smallpox. month aiter the date of issue if kept below a temperature of 60° Fy
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.