The research of some Sinologists attempting to furbish up Confucla ism in the light of present-day conditions has led them to discover therein many beliefs and attitudes that seem to be in keeping with mod-fern nationalism. Indeed, one of the reasons for the revival of the Confucian worship is that Contuclus was pre-eminently the leader of Chinese culture and learning and that through his teachings and works the founda~ tion "of Chinese national life and spirit was permanently lai 'On the other hand, those scholars who happened to dwell on certain of 'Confucius' sayings that have a universal appeal have reached seemingly opposite conclusions. They argue that the socie-political idealism of Confucius transcends national boundaries fand that his outlook was rather sim-far to that of an Internationalist or a cosmopolitan. Thus whether Confucius, advocated nationalism or international ism is a question on which opinions have been divided into two seemingly opposing types. For there fare pound to be differences of opinion according as the stress is laid upon the view how Confucianism has influenced Chinese nationalism and inspired its international outlook.
Let us visualize China as she was at the time of Confucius, It was the period of the warring kingdoms when all the disorders of the feudalism were at their height.
The Imperial authority completely broke down with its dominions parcelled out among twelve kingdom roying upon one another, while the barbarous tribes on the east and the north of China were making inroads into "The Flowery Land."
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.