Before the establishment of British rule, the welfare of the individual in India was the concern of the caste-brotherhood into which he was born. In 30 far as his conditions could be humanly controlled, he expected the brotherhood to control them; but he was conscious of few needs, and he had never heard of many of the social services: now regarded as necessary for the maintenance of public health and welfare, Outside his caste, and its influence on his life and destiny, were the Gods and the King. Of the Gods he asked deliverance from pestilence and famine; of the King he hoped that whatever wars might be waged should be fought over the fields of his neighbours. Such associations as there were outside the case—tor instance, for the sinking of a well—were mainly temporary arrangements to be dissolved as soon as their object was achieved.
The King's Peace With the establishment of the King's peace throughout India the environment of the individual ims proved. Education became more gen. feral. The water supply and drainage were assured where possible, Medical research discovered means of controlling some of the more terrible diseases, and of mitigating the effects of others. Modern means of communication were introduced, and market facilities encouraged the farmer to grow more and better crops. New irrigation works were constructed—the total irrigated area in British India in 1935 was 49,000,000 acres—Jand the worst stings of famine were drawn, There is no suggestion made onyx where in this volume that the social services of India are anywhere near complete; but some of the achieve-Jments recorded are of interest. For all India the infant mortality during the ten years from 1911 to 1920 was 211 per 1,000; in 1035 it was 164." In 1938 one million indoor and 63 nil-on outdoor patients were treated in 6700 hospitals and dispensaries British India, where there are ten medical colleges and 38 medical schools. Forty years ago tne annual average of deaths from plague was 500,000; in 1995 it had been reduced to 32,000, Voluntary Association Through the ce-operative movement, which was first introduced to India in 1904, the people of India began to realize the value of voluntary association, In 1012 there had been established 8,000 ce-operative societies; ten years later there were. 30,000; by 1936 there were 108,000. Further, religious and professional associations of various kinds were formed, and it is upon these and the other voluntary associations, such as trade unions, that the individual now relies for assistance, rather than upon his caste—Joseru Maxrze.
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.