Broadly speaking, engineering is the application of special Kknowledge to the art production with a View to economy of effort. In. this sense, economic gain is the main object of engineering work. It is true that technical science does enable man to achieve things which were formerly impossible but in practically all cases these things are little In demand unless. they have an economic value, enable some human need to satisfied with less effort, The enormous increase in the population. of Europe during the past century, accompanied as it has been by a familiarity with his national prod-nets. Ho is frequently _confront-Jed with the peculiar problem of a low offer of unknown utility contrasted with a high offer of known utility. "Whichever way he decides there is a possible economic loss. Nevertheless he must decide and a /sound economic sense is undeniably great asset to a purchasing engineer in such a quandary.
The continuous increase of inter-ational competition makes these problems ever more and more important.
Practice is very much divided on the subject of overhead charges. From one point of view, in a manufacturing establishment which has no raison d'étre other than the output of certain articles, all expenses should go into the unit cost. This means that office expenses, management salaries, depreciation of buildings and plant, interest on debentures, ete, must be spread some what' arbitrarily over the output. This, while financially correct, has the disadvantage that the overhead is less apparent than when kept quite separate, and the overhead being a very appreciable fraction lof the costs, reduces the relative importance of changes in cost due to alterations of wages and pro-much improved average standard of esses. living, is undoubtedly due in the main to mechanical science.
The. Better Working Conditions development of the port of Shang-One of the most noteworthy bal is largely due to the same cause. oatures of the present time is the Even ig there are new difficulties demand of labour for better work-jing out of the new conditions ing conditions. The very poasllization, there bility of auch better working. eon ditions: has been created by" tech-Sih "Mapet "wabkiet to Shake cee nical science, "The Increased out more and more demands upon the Put per man, which organization Mehnieal expert, which demand wil and machinery has made possible, Sivurs take the form of a call for #88 enormously ameliorated the lot trove results ata amaher unit cost, of the labourer.
In England, dur-"As one, of the results of ig the past 100 years, mechanical moat anieme of othe renulte Of science Nas, say, doubled the stan Tgchanical science, we now find lard of living,' trebled. the popu eae eae iaaita Sconsnign Jalon and halved the Working hours in public affairs. Economies itself (bY the joint action of reduction in wot yet a complete science, many actual daily hours, elimination Of ite soam themes being. stil mat.12f child labour, unemployment and tors of controversy, but _nevorthe. [Sick Insurance, old age ponsio fers of controversy but a total Increase Economies, dealing as it does with!#bour wealth of nome twelve th Economics, dealing as tt, does with ey thereabouts, "Consumption has Value" asa basis. The value of a{®f course similarly increased and product is regarded by all the;"0w 8 saturation point is aplasscal economists as" measured PPORching or has actually boon cating tne Peached in that country."
Unions yet Stand stay the. much improved technical skill and Seer area ere): value erkanization is available labour
labour which has labour a product as measurable by the Cannot obtain further improved witch has been put into it (ra auction costa and. therefore ut the Engineering Practice in China [higher cost and decreased purchase sineering practice in, China Sieiraalan Gaw by which" hUmER, ing power of the labourer.
The
Engineers in Chi fall into two demand overtakes supply, is in-fate and all that science in do somewhat to incre Technical experts who are coofieient of supply and 40 ts engaged in actual work for public off temporarily the congestion Todies and manufacturers. point (b) Engineers whose business!"
The engineer must therefore be to sell engineering goods made ever alert in devising ways and locally' or abroad. {means of substituting mechanical (Of the first class, it may be said devices for manual labour and that it is their business to achieve schemes for rendering such devices certain specified results at the more productive. One of the great lowest cost. {problems is the continuous utilize The second class is perhaps more tion of machinery, time is al-important since they belong to that most certain to come when night-merchant group which in an entre- shifts and week-end shifts will be [pet suchos Shanghai is the Necessary in order to hoop up out main operative factor. From a Put. technical point of view they do not, Already: in China, labour, which usually come into the limelight at first was satisfied with the me ce their interests appear to be creased employment resulting from purely commercial but very im-, technical organization and portant economic problems do arise plinnces, hag commenced to force connection with them. {up production costs and it will bo-With respect to the sale of come ever more necessary to de-foreign imports, the vendor hax to velop: processes involving loss consider both the competition of his human labour per unit. lown nationals and that of other involving the most complex ques tions of wae rates in various coun- Tit Shanghai and Woosung tries, export duties, freights and Garrison Commissioner has warned exchange.
'There is furthermore all strikers to resume their work the question of standards of eon- forthwith. struction and mechanical details Peculiar' to the country of origin Soon 80 fitters, tram conductors, and familiar of otherwise to the motormen, and inspectors held possible purchaser. This last may meeting on Thursday afternoon last. for may not have pect but in the long. run only course of an economic as. Sneecker which were delivered the speakers: fconomie superiasity will count. sbteatonad Chat, harm weld becall The Purchaser's Point of View strikers who
The purchaser's point of view la in accord earth study in this connection, published by. the, company.
erally "has a bias from a Uill3 of a communistic nature, ational point of view party, doo' distributed: t-the clove of the mee'r fo patriotism, bet stil more due to ing.
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.