College, gave'an interesting address: fon January 14 before the members' of the American Women's Club, on Mongol—the third in a! series of lectures on China's Neigh hours and Their Contribution to Her Civilization. In describing the area and population of Mongolia Mr. 'Hansen said that, in the setual number of square miles, Mongolia was about-equal to China proper, where a, the entire population of Mongolia ess than that of Greater Shanghai. China's population is variously' estimated at about 400,000,000 while that Mongolia is hardly 2,000,000. This fact can only be accounted for by differences in. climate and sell. A large part of Mongolia is desert Jand and other parts are fit only for grazing. The south and south feustern part the country is similar to Northern Shansi and Chihli and north-western Manchuria. This part is known as Inner Mongolia and supports the greater part of the The vast territory Outer Mongolia has perhaps only 600,000 population.
Mongolia had not made any cul tural" contribution to Chinese civilization. On the other hand China had absorbed into her civilization Mongols, who had come within her borders." Mongolian horsemen had swept over Russia and Poland, the Baltic Peninsular, and even been at the gates of Vienna, but were checked from time to time not by the people they met but usually by the death of their leader, particularly in the case of the Groat Khan. Unfortunately their genius was a genius used only for destructive purposes and they were unable to create any permanent of very useful institutions.
It was in the sixteenth century that the Living Buddha came into existence. It was not long before he managed to get a considerable amount of political power, partly Docause he was the Living' Buddha Dut more because he was the heir of cone of the leading chieftains. In every country among. every people there had existed, and even at the present. time there existed a strong. relationship between reigion and polities. Among very primitive people there was very little distinction between politic and religion. Tu the case of Russia there was. such a close alliance between the government of the Tsars and the orthodox church that with the overthrow of Tsardom it was the church' that had suffered 80 much, Tt was not until the days of Peter' the Great that Russia threw off the rule of the Mongols in Central Asia, In attempting to extend the Russian borders in Eastern and Southern Asin. he sent an expedition to try to get down to India through Central Asia. This ex-edition failed. But in 1800 another expedition was sent with the definite intention of embarrassing England, This was done at the instigation of Napoleon, and it was in this way that Napoleon came into Asiatic history. There continued to be punitive expeditions against the Mongols not unlike what had been going on recently in Manchuria.
In 1881 a treaty was made between Russia and China which established the boundary in Sinkiang and also gave to Russian traders certain privileges. This relationship had continued to exist in certain phases down to the present time, Further treaties having to do with boundaries and trade routes: were made by the Russians and Chinese in 1913 and 1915. During the wary as Russia met with reverses, China began to violate the principles of the: agreements and began to attempt colonization and administra tion in certain parts of Mongolia, as she had promised not to do. There was an attempt made to build a railroad from Chita, in Siberian But this ended in failure. There was to-day a motor road from Peking vid Kalgan to Urga, a distance of some 650 miles. "Economic resources of Mongolia amounted to very little and there was not much prospect that they would ever amount to much more. The only exports were ceattle and cattle products. There was a small deposit of gold but an American attempt at mining it some years ago met with failure.
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.