"Various organizations Red Spe Societies, such as Green Spear Society, Heavenly Gate Society, Yel-Jow Sand Society, Real Militarist Society, Old Gold Society and Justice Corps are active in Northern Honan. Several years ago. when bandits were rampant, the farmers started these organizations for self-defence. After unification of the nation these organizations gradually subsided. Up to recent months, the Japanese have penetrated' into the interior of the province and the bandits are active. These groups were organized_in order to protect their homes.
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.