nest" and" greed. by. the younger politiat enthusiasts, and tiily is the be for themselves. when invited to nance primary Socteties" directly or" through 8 Secondary body. (1) that the societies fre properly organized, 1. that the ogitering voficer" mows when 10 {rant and when to. refuse registra (2). that" they are. ramularly fudlied and are solvent, and will be forcibly liquidated 1¢ likely to become Insolvent: and (3) that their advisers brave an adequate knowledge of cooperative "principles and business Tike practices. Chinese banks have
finance rural Ca-operation in China. shown a ferariable. readiness deserve. high commendation this "recounts but" unfortunately, Instead of pressing the official and LUnefiilal organizations to. employ a Qualified staff and. to arrange for Suait, im order that they might safely finance the movement, the banks have fentered into. competition with the Selsting organisations and attempted fo do the work themeclves.
'On the financing of c<-operation by the Government or by semi-oficial yrlettoral banks, the report refers the oan fasog fa" the alsturbed Feeons In which' commercial banc ould not be expected to isk its, fonds: "But it points out thats sereiThls very remarkable person sup-porte himself snd his family, perhaps India i al om a southern China. Tenney 1s on the whole: more general in the south, Where 69 per ent. or more of the fsltvator ay & fent In cath or kind owner occupancy pre-otis to\m Inge extent In the northern Provinces, three quarters or more The' farmers In. certain oreas being of this type, Rents are not standardized and vary from the grossly extortionate {fo there traditional payments which bre Kept low by family" relationship ora long and customary tenure. Taxes, oe, are variable, whether the varlatons <be due tothe legitimate demands of 2 civil administration oF the leat mate greed of a military governor. "The eave of Seechuen proving, where the Iand tax of many helen had been collected 70 or 80 Years. in advance, Heithe most "notorious. Under "these Conditions the treatest achievement of the peasant farmer Is to have survived
Guinese peasant pods on and) multl= ait Stone awe" died, ut. the billes. There are sit wide regions of fast devastation, and olliers of present izarder. These are, "however, heine lenders, and offlelels The, most cruel andthe most lenient creditors are. "ound. among. the landlords. Money: Jenders who have no other profess Joyal support, even when their plans Sclentine, and the economic results ery dubloun Te ne could obtain Belier' advice' beforehand, more con. Einuows advice (without removing all authority from the hands of fils lected." Directors) "for his current fhusiness, and e clear audit to. show Kim the results of hisactlon of the Fhatural business capacity is exeslient, needs gradual development, only too many cases. at present, he ither given orders and allowed no discretion, oF is left to his own Te sources and given no advice.
Not Insuperable Ohstacte literacy Is no iasuperabl~ obstacle to. progress, but the danger lies in the abrogation of the activities of the ce-operative society so. that falis"into. the hands. of a. Mterate oligarchy and ceases to be democratic, discussing. the points on which the present system calls for improve-men, the report refers. particularly the need for ce-ordination and control, "the need for a central organization in the National Government fo. dear with ce-operation, and in addition, provincial organs ili the tre few in comparison with india er shape of ce-operative - commissions Egypt." oficial are said te lend prin- with advisory and educational funcipa on meriaage, and. to have tions, More attention should be given tamely in recent ears. to the selection and training of stof. Sesincmerenants Ata n pmalsee ory The defects In the training abroad of the Neds may be brought te them for! Chinese who have been sent to study Sie. But they lend at with rates of, ce-operation are mainly. due to. the Interest on account of the. high fact that these deputations have been Involved. For the farmer has seldom sent, mainly to countries ike Den-secure tite to his land, bandits may mark or California where there is an estray' cultivator and. crop. together, find the courts of law are" somewhat advanced form of organization among Uncertain as Fesards quality and pro-fully" literate ° people, Conditions cedure. "Yet these. very" afietions of {more comparable with those of the farmer, by. limiting hie credit, China would be found in the Mediter-Limit also his Indebledness. The total rural debt in China. must be, #0 far ranean and Balkan countries, Indic fas T can judge after" enquiry, far land Ceylon, and perhaps Japan, But Henie pet farmer or per acre. than the Uteracy of the Japanese peasant the swollen, frequently and other differences make Japan not productive) of other Eastern countries altogether a safe model.
Sr the heavy borrowings. (usually for Broduetive purposes) "of Europe or: The report goes into the details of the personnel required for developing ce-operation, discusses the principles of ce-operating and finance and audit Giveh controlled form of and the benefits o be derived from the credit." at" moderate reten, trite societies and bettor-living socle-les. It considers that an attempt on the part of the Government to initiate 4 moral movement Is attended by definite disadvantages "because very dificult 10 guide a popular Tanglementa. Ca-operative "creat Sontrolied credit, snd wi is! movement in the right direction, and reach htm the use of force is 10 be deprecated:
Objects which his Negative orders of authority, wise ther prohibiting walking on. Fondway 'OF permanent halt-waving fare enforced for a while of xporadical fy, but may a {he lenders. is honesty Uniting In Common Pledge playing. a qualified "personnel and voiding every kind of speculation—will procure for him m far price the market, and make It worth. his while to produce "more, produce tt Better, and' prepare and sell It botter "The. three outstanding "qualities the Chinese farmer are. (1) his hones: {y, @) ils common sense, Is fines {or understanding simple business, and (3) ins community spirit. T nave' scan few countries in Europe and nane Asta in "which a sum of Maney. tent {fo a'nandtul of peasants with so Mle prior training oF subse Tris management, woul 4 fatcy, tepald, so" punetaty, and seldom misappropriated, as by the Ca-operative farmers of Hopel prove Ince. Hopel has longer experience. of Ca-operation than the rear of China.
On the other hand it points out that much good work can be done by the formation of a botter-living society, by voluntarily uniting Ina common pledge to adopt certain good customs or refrain from evil customs. Satisfactory improvement con made on a sound foundation:
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.