'This may be explained by recalling that the original purpose of the Great Wall of China was to prevent Invasion of China by any of the fierce tribes of the North, 'The Japanese reasoning seems to' have been that this wall, by which China had sought to separate their land from the territory controlled by the Tartars gives the proper indication of the limit of the Tartar lands and, Inferentially, the correct demarcation fof the areas subject {0 the new dynasty which is supposed to have been evolved from the Manchou branch of the Tartar race.
Now that the dwellers on the other ide of the fence have been organized into a pro-Japanese regime or rather two of them, it will be interesting to watch the progress of negotiations when the Japanese high advisers of these new regimes tackle the problem of delimiting their boundaries, 'A pretence of adjusting these Jehol borders was made Tater when it was announced that the inhabitants of certain areas had petitioned the Manchoukuo Government asking that their district be included in the new State, Since it had long ago been seized, the gesture attracted little interest, being a mere effort to me clude in the stale archives some pseudo-legal basis for the location of new boundary marks, Outer Mongolia had acquired a boundary about the beginning of the century when the vast and thinly populated Province of Heilungkiang way extended to include a large slice of what was formerly labelled Mon-olla, As Chinese immigration and. political influence penetrated the Mongolian districts from the Manchurian side, areas that had been grazing grounds of the Mongols were gradually absorbed into the provin-lal administration and the Mongols moved further to the West, The lines with which cartographers have indicated Mongolia and Manchoukuo delimit, with little claim {for accuracy, the administrative are as they existed in the early years of the eighteenth century. Emperor Yung Cheng of the Ching (Manchu) dynasty had fixed these boundaries but so indefinite was the line that many disputes arose, Because of the kinship between the outer and inner, Mongols these disputes were not very For about a century adjacent tribes had used common ground for grazing, jed freely and ignored the official boundary. About 1924 Outer Mon-galle, under Soviet influence, arbitr Changehun, and the Manchoukuo Foreign Office who had been unable to interest the Urea Régime in a Manchoukuo represen tation at the capital of that closed Jcountry sought Instead an office at /San-beisa an important town, also known as Ketulen on the river of that name. As it is understood that Outer Mongolia maintains an import fant military establishment there, their refusal could hardly have been unexpected.
Two Sets of Names Reports of the skirmishes in this Jdistrlet during the past few years Ihave been very dificult to follow ecause of the erratic spelling of the place names. The original names were Mongolian, and in some cases these are written more or less ac-Jeurately in Roman letters, Since [China ruled Mongolia the names were written with Chinese charaeters, This gave rise to two sets of ames. First, one giving as closely fag possible the Mongol sound Chinese characters, and secondly, a Chinese translation of the meaning.
The rivers and lakes in this district, which is described by the Russians as and known to the Chinese as ""Hulun-buir* from the names of the two principal lakes Glulun being the former name for Dailanor), provide a considerable revenue to fisheries. The northern lake is broad and shallow with sandy bottom, and forms excellent feeding grounds. The southern lake is deep, and has rocky sides, The River Halkha which rises in the Hsingan Mountains is apparently breeding ground for the best game fish, An early writer (1220 A.D.) states that: "The Halha River turn-Ing towards the southwest forms the wig lake named Buir-hu." This shows that the Southern or left branch of the delta, and not the cut loft, Charolcha, if the latter existed then, was the main bed of the "I" River, An Imperial Rescript, dated 1797, bestowed upon the Outer Mongolians the right to cross the river and visit Halhin-Sumo (or Miao) for their religious devotions, showing that the temple was not in their territory. The rivers of the Manchoukuo plains are in the habit of changing their /main-bed frequently, and a compari son of maps shows that the Ha-erh-ha. River has often done so. In 1924 it is recorded that the river instead fof turning Southwest to feed Lake Buir shifted to run northwest direct-into the Arshun River, Great Region for Sport, ily delimited the boundary, cut off Foreign residents who have visited all intercourse with China and posted the river, notably a group of sports~ Strong frontier guards, For 700 kin. men who report that, on one short
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.