proves their appearance considerably provided the varnish is not much richer.
Old safety-razor blades make excellent trimming-knives, transparent Set-squares, and be careful to trim perfectly true, having first _marked out where to out and then doing the cutting. Sloping horizons can be cured by judicious trimming. Decide what to trim by using two L-shaped pieces of cardboard, moving them until the best picture is found.
Sunning-down is a good dodge when there is too much white in a print, It is done by an extreme-brief exposure of the whole print, and is expecially useful for night-effects but of come must be used with discretion or the result sad, For night-work, do not fear ove exposure except on electric illus nations; these can be photograph ed in a fow seconds of less. the open country with bright moot fight half-an-hour at F 8 is likely to prove insufficient. Impossible to ive night-exposures here, as con-jons vary s0 greatly. Moonlight "instantaneous" pictures are simple fakes, done at twilight or dawn or else the moon is retouched in. Night effects showing all detail but obviously taken at night are obtained by double exposure, one at twilight and a full exposure by night light (street lamps, ete:) great care having been taken not fo move the camera between the exposures.
A lens can be shaded by a piece of cardboard on the camera just fas in enlarging. Vignetting the camera-lens is only shading. To Photograph the view outside the window while getting a view of, the oom is a useful trick to know, Tt is done by drawing down the blinds, or rigging up a crown-paper screen temporarily, giving full posure for the root, and then a very brief one (about 4. second) (8, bright day outside) with the Blinds up or screen removed. The resulting negative quite conceals the blinds of the first exposure, and shows both room and view.
Plate-very effective. to cut a piece of cat exact size and shape wanted for the plate-mark, place this in position on the face of the print, turn over and go over the edge with a Dlunt instrument such as a paper-knife. Care must be used, of course, to follow the shape evenly. If it can be done over ground-glass illuminated from beneath it is easier, but this method is entirely ratistactory. It looks superior to riling lines around the print and gives a well-finished appearance.
Colouring and Copying Colouring prints is not nearly so generally thought; either 7 aniline dyes (such as Velox' water-colours) or transparent oil-colours But the result is neither photo: graphy nor painting and the mixture of mediums is never artist cally desirable.
Serious workers picking oeeailic seven cal Bade wen copying, such rr photographing another, photograph, R'is important to develop for ex: treme contrast or the result will be flat.
Also remember that using alters the as does using the single components of those compound lenses which can be used singly; usually this means quad-robling the exposure, F. 8 becoming P16, Also remember that a filter used mounted behind a lens alters its focus by the thickness of the filter, and this must be reckoned with when filters are so mounted. The reason why this does not apply to Autochrome filters is because the plate itself is used reversed (glass to front) and this automatically provides for the different focus. If in doubt about the exact focus, stopping down will correct minor errors.
Time Your Work A thermometer and a time-clock are two essentials for the serious worker. When working in total darkness (indispensable for the fastest panchromatic plates, but, with due care, not necessary for any other plates made) set the clock five seconds back and allow the five seconds for turning out the light and gotting ready; this eliminate: doubt and worry and guessing will not work. acid fixing-bath covered when not in use, preferably in a vulcanite tank which can be properly cove ed; in this way it not only lasts Tonger but works better.
Holding the camera on top of a walking-stick for brief ox posure, if no better support is available makes a passible substitute for a tripod. Heavy to hold steady ind the miniature strap around the neck attached to the camera, or a piece of thick cord, will' enable these light cameras to be held much more steadily as then they th use the wire-eased down aswell as against
one, Ininimises the inevitable' Jar pressing the shutter. 'The Tens on Graflex' cameras (except the intest model) comes out by push. ing. the lene-board upward and foulard; many" owners. do not Know this "and therefore try "to lean the back of the Tens through the camera, which ts dificult.
Tu concluding this series of articles forthe assistance of the amateur photographer, we _repeat what we said in' the first farticle—that no attempt has been made to go deeply subject nor have techni planations and masses of formulae been thrown at the reader. But sufficient information and tips have been supplied to help the amateur very considerably if, he will but use them, and if a few begi have been, helped over the and new vistas of posit
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.