About the feelings of the people of Manchuria towards the present regime there can really be doubt, and China would not voluntarily accept as a lasting solution the complete separation of her 'Three Eastern Provinces. The analogy of the distant province of JOuter' Mongolia is not an entirely pertinent one, as Outer Mongolia is bound to China by no strong economic' or social, "and [which is mainly non-Chinese. The sparsely in by a population situation in Manchuria is radically different, from that in Outer Mongolia. The millions of Chinese farmers now settled permanently the land have made Manchuria, in many respects a simple extension of China south of the Wall. The Three Eastern Provinces have become almost. as Chinese in race, alfuro, and national sentiment as neighbouring Provinces and Shantung, from whence most of the immigrants came.
Apart from this, past experience has shown that those who control Jchuria. But the Japanese do' look
Jmeans to cope with the agrarian jevisis and with the population prob-Jem. Such industrialization would require further economic outlets, and the only large and relatively' Jsure markets that Japan oan find Jare in Asin and particularly in Japan requires not only the Manchurian but the whole Chinese market, and the rise in the standard of living which will ccrtainly follow the consolidation and modernization of China should stimulate trade is This economic rapprochement between Japan and China, which is of ital interest to Japan, is of equal interest to China, for China would find that a closer economic and technical collaboration with Jwould assist her in task of national reconstruction. China could assist this rapprochement by restraining the more intolerant tendencies of were re-established the Practice of organised boycotts would not be revived. Japan, on her Tempe to" solve the -Mancharian Proachment. by renouncing. any.
lo, could facilitate this
problem by isolating it from the problem of her relations with China a whole, in such a way as to make impossible the friendship and collaboration of China.
Tt may, however, be less economic considerations than anxiety for her own security which has determined the actions and policy of Japan Manchuria. "It is especially in this connection that her statesmen and military authorities are accustomed to speak of Manchuria as the "lifeline of Japan." "Ona can Jsympathise with such anxieties and try to appreciate thd actions and motives of those who have to bear the heavy, responsibility of securing the defence of their' country against all eventualities. © While acknowledging the interest of Japan in preventing Manchuri from serving as a base' of operations directed inher wish to be able to against her own territory, all "appropriate military if in certain circumstances the frontiers of Manchuria. should be crossed by the forces of a for~ may" still be tioned whether the military occup: tion of Manchuria for an indefinite period, involving, as it must, a heavy financial burden, is really' the most effective way of" ensirin against this external danger; an whether, in the event of aggression having to be resisted in. the Japanese troops in Manchuri would not be seriously embarrassed if they were surrounded by a backed by a hostile China. It is Pestive' or rebellious population surely in the interest of Japan to fehuria, nor to ascertain the views of the Government of the USSR. on the Manchurian question, "But Jeven without sources of direct infor-motion it cannot overlook the part played by Russia in Manchuria, nor the important interests "which the USSR. have in that region as owners of the Chinese Eastern Railway, and of the territory beyond its north and northeast frontiers, It is clear that any solution of the problem of Manchuria which ignored the important. interests of the USSR. would a future breach of the peace and would not be permanent.
These considerations, according {the Commission, are sufficient to indicate the lines on which a solution might be reached if the Govern:
of El Japan could recognise the identity of their chief interests and were willing to make them include the maintenance -of eace and the estab li relations with each other.
ady_ stated, there is. no. ques tion of returning to the condition: before September, 1931, "A' sati factory regime for the future might be evolved out of the present pene without any violent change. The general principles to which. any satisfactory solution should conform would be the following:
Condit 1 Compatibility swith the intereste both China and Japan.
Both counts the League and ench is entitied 20 din he sine Seraderaon from both "aid not' derive beneht would League. A solution from,
not be a gain to the cause of pence. 2'Conatderation forthe. tater To make peace between two of the neighbouring countries: without. re. Bard for the interests of the thied Would be neither just nor Wise, hor Inthe interests of pence.
4. Conformity with cating mule intsrad treat Seating Any solution should conform to the previsiors of the Covenant of Beam of Washington, "Tower T¥eaty 4, Recognition of Japan's interest Manchuria, 6 in Manel The rights and interests of Japan wuria are facts which canwich" roed to recog ored, and any solution which" fatted to reco to take into them and factory. 'J cai that "country would not
5. The establishment of new treaty relations "between" China and Japan.
A restatement of the respec: sibilities of both countries in, Manchuria in new treat shall be part of the tion problem, and after having gaamined Javan' cgqnomte and lays pretest" ie" Gout sea edratte inence'on the als of Sia at The prod! of weer Sestne othe merle Manchuria have exercised a con-consider also other possible solu- agreement, is deiral Boer'on 0 study the boycott move {shuld ber Taantaine, "not any pens un wih the principle on whites feo [sonmey® AT co™oPEALON toe Trent."Te point, out thet the boy. 4F0R & egal but also from 2 pra Strategic "and. polieal the present pence organisation resalts from century-old practices. oer or Japan Manchuria, and chs iNees ff0m the rest of China, either med: s concluded by other Great Gott, as, ured by the" Chinese ratnedaance would inthe into] advantages. To cut of there Prov-ithe world, and ansiogous to arrange-Settlement of future disputes 0. Efeetive Provision for the and that the training and mental [oats of Japan *|legally oF actually, would' be, to) Powers in various parts of the create for the future, a, series worl. She might oven find it nos- nocesenry thut provision mot A Ay a corollary of the above itn ne Buomitang ie ko Meads ft fi! organised expression, constitute the Conditions of Settlement letter ply eign a o the Tee Pal, a mage, ead "se ropt In Chapter IX the Commission hostility of China rendering prob-to herself, to obtain bet- fruyement of minor disputes as present-duy boycott movement, the able the continued boycott of ter security than she will they: arise. effect of which on Sino-Japanese has concentrated its attention on by the costly method she ins hus been considerable both the future. It points out that the 7. Manchurian Autonomy The Commission received from the Present adopting. from a natural and from a psycho preceding chapters have made it JJapanese Government a clear and tot view. plain that the issues involved in the valuable statement of th should Be modified im sucha' wae The government in Manchuria, International Interests Sino-Japanese conflict are not Conclusions Apart from China and Japan, as to secure, consistently with the ible as they are often represent-interests of their country churia. Without exaggerating the other Powers of the world have sovereignty' and administrative The Commission has arrived at "This is not a case integrity of China, a large measure lusian that the Chinese Jwhich one country has declared dependence "of Japan on Beyond. the limite a immporgant interests "to defend this of autonomy designed to meet. the Sino-Japanese conflict. Any are both popular and war on another country without real and lasting solution by agree-local conditions and special char-'They originate in and previously exhausting the opport-in a. previous chapter, ment must be compatible with the acteristic of the Three Province: are supported by strong national unities for conciliation provided in {that economic relationship stipolatiens of the multilateral new civil regime must be so Sentiment, but they are controlled the Covenant of the League of treaties on which is based* the tuted and conducted as to and directed by organisation which Nations. Neither is it 'a simple Japan to control the economic, stil Peace organisation of the world. satisfy the essential requirements of good government, can start or call them off, and they case of the violation of the frontier less the political, develop these Provinces, the Commission The considerations which actuated are enforced by methods which cer-lof one country by the armed fore: s recognises the great importance of the representatives of the Powers Internal Order and Security tainly amount to intimidation. While Jof a neighbouring country, because Manchuria in the economic develop-at the Washington Conference are Against External Aggression many separate bodies are involved in Manchuria there are many ment of still valid. "It is quite as much in the organisation, the main, features without an exact parallel 'The internal order of the country, sider unreasonable her demand f the interests of the Powers now as controlling organ is' the Kuomin-in other parts of the world: the establishment of a stable govern-was in 1922 to assist the re-should be secured by effective loa tang. As far as the boycott Nevertheless, it is a fact that, ment which would "be capable of construction of China and to gendarmerie force, and security a methods are concerned, the Com-without declaration of war, a large Bainst external aggression should be maintaining: the order necessary for maintain her sovereignty and her tnission states that illegal acts have area of what was indisputably provided by the withdrawal of all the economic "development of the territorial and administrative in-been constantly committed, but that Chinese territory has been forcibly farmed forces other than. gendar. country. But such conditions can tegrity as indispensable to the this connection a distinction seized and occupied by the armed merie and. by the conclusion. of should' be made between acts com-only be securely and. effectively maintenance of peace. forees of Japan and has, in con-4 treaty of non-aggression between eoaranteed by. an. administr mitted directly against Japanese the countries interested, sequence, been separated from and which is in conformity with residents and these committed declared independent of the rest of wishes of the population, and which Encouragement of an Eeonomte against Chinese offenders against China. The Japanese Government takes fall account of their feelings Kapprochement between China and the boycott rales with the avowed claims, moreowcr, that its act is intention of causing damage to Jand aspirations. And equally. is it consistent with its international they should happen to Japan jonly in an atmosphere of external Japanese interests. Cases of the obligations and also with the as-coincide with rivalries between For this purpose a new come confidence and internal peace, very first type have been less frequent surance given by its representative divergent social systems, Finall mercial treaty between" the two different from that now existing in this time than during previous jin Geneva. The Japanese Govern-the Far East, that the capital which the interests of peace are boycotts, but cases of the second ment justifies this claim by stating: same the world over. Any loss Countries is desirable, Such treaty should aim at placing on sri equi is necessary for the rapid economic type hewve been numerous. that all military operations have. of confidence in the application of able basis the commercial relations In the opinion of the Com been legitimate acts of self-defence. development of Manchuria will be the principles of the Covenant and the Chinese Government Furthermore, the establishment of in any part between the two" countries and bringing them into conformity with of the world diminishes the value their improved political relations. ponsible for not. having a new administration in Manchuria
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.