Nomads and the Agricultural Chinese: Population Pressure on Three Fronts The thesis presented in this article is that the storm in the area outside the Great Wall is due to population" pressure from China in the frst instance, The Sfsation Became commicated by the fact that an area of Maximum population Dremure sre developed over Japan. while Russia, with her desire for" economic Sevelopment and control on the North, has set up another pressure. area.
typhoon caused by these Siberia "he 'Manchur and' the Mongols Gnd themocives in Nhe midst of 2 Glote I. See Y. 7. Changs: "Phe Economic' Development and Prospects of three high pressure areas exerting pressure on all sides At the end of the seventeenth century practically no Chinese were found north of the Great Wall. It was at that time still a land of Mongols and Manchus. In 1684 when the Manchus ascended the throne the Great Wall was the dividing line Velween the agriculturist Chinese and the Nomadic Mongolians, but Chinese merchants had previously penetrated into. the whole of Mongolia. They went in during the spring as traders or artisans, and returned in the fall with flocks' of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. Kalgan was the gate between Mongolia and China till the middle of the nineteenth century.
In the latter half of the eighteenth century apparently population pres Sure to the south of the Great Wall became so great that land-hungry Chinese began to penetrate north of the Great Wall, through the passes of Kupehkow and Hsifengkow. These migrations of Chinese were not only not promoted but were prohibited by the Manchu Government. It was not with the idea of absorbing the Mon-gobans into the Chinese nation, as the Mongols with their fierce fighting men were a menace to the rule of the Manchus.
As a result of the Tripartie Treaty of 1915, Mongolia was divided for administrative purposes into Inner and Outer" Mongolia. Inner Mongolia in 1914 was divided by the "Government of the Chinese Republic into three special administrative areas—Jehol, Charhar, and Suiyuan. In 'August' (1928), as a part of the reconstruction programme of the new national Government of Nanking, six new provinces were formed, namely Jehol, Charhar, Suiyuan, ' Ningsia, [Chinghai, and Sikang.
Text read from the printed page and cleaned; old type leaves the occasional error.